10 AWG vs 12 AWG
| 10 AWG | 12 AWG | |
|---|---|---|
| Diameter | 2.588 mm | 2.053 mm |
| Cross-section | 5.26 mm² | 3.31 mm² |
| Resistance (copper) | 3.28 Ω/km | 5.21 Ω/km |
| NEC 60 °C ampacity | 30 A | 20 A |
Which is thicker
10 AWG has 1.59× the copper of 12 AWG in cross-section, and carries current with 37% less resistance per metre. AWG numbers run backwards because the scale counts drawing passes: more passes, thinner wire, higher number.
Voltage lost over a run at 20 A
| One-way run | 10 AWG | 12 AWG |
|---|---|---|
| 10 m (33 ft) | 1.31 V (1.1%) | 2.08 V (1.7%) |
| 20 m (66 ft) | 2.62 V (2.2%) | 4.17 V (3.5%) over 3% |
| 30 m (98 ft) | 3.93 V (3.3%) over 3% | 6.25 V (5.2%) over 3% |
| 50 m (164 ft) | 6.55 V (5.5%) over 3% | 10.42 V (8.7%) over 3% |
Figures are for a 120 V supply and count both conductors, because the current returns along the neutral. 12 AWG stays inside 3% out to about 17 m; 10 AWG reaches 27 m. That gap is the usual reason to upsize a wire the ampacity table already allows.
What each is rated to carry
On the NEC 310.16 60 °C column, 10 AWG copper is rated 30 A and 12 AWG is rated 20 A. Those figures set the breaker, and they are not the whole story: insulation type, ambient temperature, how many conductors share a conduit and your local code all move them. Circuit design is an electrician's call, not a table's.
Frequently asked questions
What is the difference between 10 AWG and 12 AWG?
10 AWG is the thicker wire: 2.588 mm across against 2.053 mm, with 1.59× the cross-section. Thicker copper means lower resistance — 3.28 Ω/km against 5.21 Ω/km — so less voltage is lost along a run.
Can I use 10 AWG instead of 12 AWG?
Going thicker is electrically safe — 10 AWG has less resistance and runs cooler than 12 AWG at the same current. The practical limits are cost, stiffness and whether it fits the terminals. Going the other way, to thinner wire, is the direction that needs the ampacity table and an electrician.
How far can 12 AWG run at 20 A?
About 17 m (56 ft) before the drop reaches 3% of a 120 V supply. 10 AWG reaches 27 m (89 ft) at the same current. The 3% figure is the informational note in NEC 210.19, not a hard rule, but it is the number most designs work to.
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